diff --git a/examples/open-instruct/README.md b/examples/open-instruct/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cda4ce5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/open-instruct/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Reasoning Gym Open-Instruct Example
+
+This example demonstrates how to use [open-instruct](https://github.com/allenai/open-instruct) with **reasoning-gym** for training language models through reinforcement learning.
+
+## Environment Setup
+
+Before running the training script, you may want to set the following environment variables:
+
+```bash
+export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0
+export PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF=expandable_segments:True
+```
+
+- `CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0` specifies which GPUs to use (in this case, GPUs 0 )
+- `PYTORCH_CUDA_ALLOC_CONF=expandable_segments:True` enables dynamic GPU memory allocation
+
+## Running the Training Script
+
+To start training, run:
+
+```bash
+bash grpo_config.sh
+```
+
+This will train a DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B model using GRPO (Group Relative Policy Optimization) on reasoning tasks.
+
+## Key Features
+
+- Uses vLLM for efficient inference
+- Supports multi-GPU training
+- Implements reward functions for both answer correctness and response formatting
+- Includes evaluation during training
+- Supports model checkpointing and pushing to Hugging Face Hub
+- Integrates with Weights & Biases for experiment tracking
diff --git a/examples/open-instruct/grpo_config.sh b/examples/open-instruct/grpo_config.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..3d574ec3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/open-instruct/grpo_config.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+exp_name="0302_qwen2.5_math_grpo_fast1_${RANDOM}"
+python src/grpo_trainer.py \
+    --model_name_or_path deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B \
+    --beta 0.0 \
+    --num_unique_prompts_rollout 16 \
+    --num_samples_per_prompt_rollout 8 \
+    --output_dir ./open_instruct_checkpoints/$exp_name \
+    --save_freq 40 \
+    --kl_estimator kl3 \
+    --learning_rate 5e-7 \
+    --max_token_length 256 \
+    --max_prompt_token_length 128 \
+    --response_length 256 \
+    --pack_length 512 \
+    --stop_strings '"</answer>"' \
+    --chat_template_name r1_simple_chat_postpend_think \
+    --temperature 1.0 \
+    --total_episodes 100000 \
+    --deepspeed_stage 3 \
+    --per_device_train_batch_size 1 \
+    --num_mini_batches 1\
+    --num_learners_per_node 1 \
+    --num_epochs 1 \
+    --vllm_tensor_parallel_size 1 \
+    --vllm_num_engines 1 \
+    --vllm_enforce_eager true \
+    --lr_scheduler_type linear \
+    --seed 1 \
+    --num_evals 100 \
+    --dataset_name chain_sum \
+    --gradient_checkpointing \
+    --with_tracking \
+    --single_gpu_mode false \
+    --gather_whole_model false
diff --git a/examples/open-instruct/src/__init__.py b/examples/open-instruct/src/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/examples/open-instruct/src/grpo_trainer.py b/examples/open-instruct/src/grpo_trainer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8a86b90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/open-instruct/src/grpo_trainer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+import json
+import os
+import shutil
+import threading
+import time
+from argparse import Namespace
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass
+from queue import Queue
+from typing import Callable, List
+
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+import ray
+import torch
+from open_instruct.ground_truth_utils import soft_format_reward_func
+from open_instruct.grpo_fast import (
+    Args,
+    ModelGroup,
+    PolicyTrainerRayProcess,
+    Timer,
+    calculate_runtime_args,
+    collate_fn,
+    vllm_generate_thread,
+)
+from open_instruct.model_utils import ModelConfig, push_folder_to_hub
+from open_instruct.rl_utils2 import PackedSequences, reset_position_ids
+from open_instruct.utils import ArgumentParserPlus, get_wandb_tags, is_beaker_job, maybe_get_beaker_config
+from open_instruct.vllm_utils2 import create_vllm_engines
+from ray.util.placement_group import placement_group
+from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, Dataset
+from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriter
+from transformers import AutoTokenizer, PreTrainedTokenizer
+from utils import ReasoningGymDataset, list_preserving_collate, pack_sequences
+from vllm import SamplingParams
+
+from reasoning_gym.utils import SYSTEM_PROMPTS, extract_answer
+
+
+@dataclass
+class GRPOArgs(Args):
+    dataset_name: str = "chain_sum"
+    seed: int = 42
+    size: int = 10000
+    eval_seed: int = 42
+    eval_size: int = 100
+
+
+def data_preparation_thread(
+    reward_fn: Callable,
+    inference_results_Q: Queue,
+    packed_sequences_Q: Queue,
+    queries_prompt_Q: Queue,
+    args: Args,
+    tokenizer: PreTrainedTokenizer,
+    num_training_steps: int,
+    reasoning_gym_dataset: ReasoningGymDataset,
+):
+    for training_step in range(1, num_training_steps + 1):
+        # Get next batch of prompts and responses
+        observations = queries_prompt_Q.get()
+        queries, items = observations
+
+        if args.num_samples_per_prompt_rollout > 1:
+            queries = [item for item in queries for _ in range(args.num_samples_per_prompt_rollout)]
+        with Timer("🚀 [Data Preparation Thread] Getting response ids"):
+            responses, finish_reasons = inference_results_Q.get()
+            for i in range(len(finish_reasons)):
+                if finish_reasons[i] == "stop" and responses[i][-1] != tokenizer.eos_token_id:
+                    responses[i].append(tokenizer.eos_token_id)
+
+        with Timer("📦 [Data Preparation Thread] Packing sequences"):
+            packed_sequences = pack_sequences(
+                queries=queries,
+                responses=responses,
+                pack_length=args.pack_length,
+                pad_token_id=tokenizer.pad_token_id,
+            )
+            num_new_tokens = sum(len(seq) for seq in packed_sequences.query_responses)
+
+        with Timer("🔥 [Data Preparation Thread] Decoding responses", noop=True):
+            decoded_responses = tokenizer.batch_decode(responses, skip_special_tokens=True)
+            stop_rate = sum(int(finish_reason == "stop") for finish_reason in finish_reasons) / len(finish_reasons)
+
+        with Timer("💰 [Data Preparation Thread] Calculating rewards"):
+            scores, reward_metrics = reward_fn(decoded_responses, items, reasoning_gym_dataset)
+
+        with Timer("🎆 [Data Preparation Thread] Calculating advantages"):
+            # Calculate advantages
+            scores = np.array(scores)
+            print(f"[Data Preparation Thread] {len(scores)=}")
+            scores_per_prompt = scores.reshape(-1, args.num_samples_per_prompt_rollout)
+            global_mean_grouped_rewards = scores_per_prompt.mean(axis=-1)
+            global_mean_grouped_rewards = np.repeat(
+                global_mean_grouped_rewards, args.num_samples_per_prompt_rollout, axis=0
+            )
+            global_std_grouped_rewards = scores_per_prompt.std(axis=-1)
+            global_std_grouped_rewards = np.repeat(
+                global_std_grouped_rewards, args.num_samples_per_prompt_rollout, axis=0
+            )
+            global_advantages = (scores - global_mean_grouped_rewards) / (global_std_grouped_rewards + 1e-8)
+
+            # Vectorized advantage calculation: create a lookup array where each index corresponds to a response mask value
+            # and each value is the corresponding advantage score: index 0 is set to 0 since response masks start from 1 (1-indexed)
+            lookup_advantages = np.zeros(len(global_advantages) + 1, dtype=np.float32)
+            lookup_advantages[1:] = global_advantages
+            packed_advantages = [
+                torch.tensor(lookup_advantages[packed_mask], dtype=torch.float32)
+                for packed_mask in packed_sequences.response_masks
+            ]
+            packed_sequences.advantages = packed_advantages
+
+        with Timer("🔄 [Data Preparation Thread] Prepare collated data for each worker"):
+            B = (
+                len(packed_sequences.query_responses) // args.world_size
+            )  # essentially doing `drop_last=True`, which is fine.
+            collated_data = []
+            for i in range(args.world_size):
+                per_device_packed_query_responses = packed_sequences.query_responses[B * i : B * (i + 1)]
+                per_device_packed_attention_masks = packed_sequences.attention_masks[B * i : B * (i + 1)]
+                per_device_packed_position_ids = packed_sequences.position_ids[B * i : B * (i + 1)]
+                per_device_packed_advantages = packed_sequences.advantages[B * i : B * (i + 1)]
+                per_device_packed_response_masks = packed_sequences.response_masks[B * i : B * (i + 1)]
+
+                # Shuffle the batch and collate the data
+                b_inds = np.random.permutation(len(per_device_packed_query_responses))
+                collated_query_responses = []
+                collated_attention_masks = []
+                collated_position_ids = []
+                collated_response_masks = []
+                collated_advantages = []
+                for j in range(0, len(per_device_packed_query_responses), args.per_device_train_batch_size):
+                    micro_range = b_inds[j : j + args.per_device_train_batch_size]
+                    collated_query_responses.append(
+                        collate_fn(
+                            [per_device_packed_query_responses[idx] for idx in micro_range], tokenizer.pad_token_id
+                        )
+                    )
+                    collated_attention_masks.append(
+                        collate_fn([per_device_packed_attention_masks[idx] for idx in micro_range], 0)
+                    )
+                    collated_position_ids.append(
+                        collate_fn([per_device_packed_position_ids[idx] for idx in micro_range], 0)
+                    )
+                    collated_response_masks.append(
+                        collate_fn([per_device_packed_response_masks[idx] for idx in micro_range], 0)
+                    )
+                    collated_advantages.append(
+                        collate_fn([per_device_packed_advantages[idx] for idx in micro_range], 0)
+                    )
+                collated_data.append(
+                    {
+                        "collated_query_responses": collated_query_responses,
+                        "collated_attention_masks": collated_attention_masks,
+                        "collated_position_ids": collated_position_ids,
+                        "collated_advantages": collated_advantages,
+                        "collated_response_masks": collated_response_masks,
+                    }
+                )
+        sequence_lengths = np.array([len(response) for response in responses])
+        metrics = {
+            "scores": np.array(scores).mean(),
+            "val/sequence_lengths": sequence_lengths.mean(),
+            "val/sequence_lengths_min": sequence_lengths.min(),
+            "val/sequence_lengths_max": sequence_lengths.max(),
+            "val/stop_rate": stop_rate,
+            **reward_metrics,
+        }
+
+        if args.save_traces:
+            traces = {
+                "scores": scores.tolist(),
+                "finish_reasons": finish_reasons,
+                "responses": responses,
+                "queries": queries,
+                "ground_truths": items["answer"],
+                "datasets": reasoning_gym_dataset.dataset_name,
+                "training_step": training_step,
+                **reward_metrics,
+            }
+            os.makedirs(args.output_dir, exist_ok=True)
+            with open(f"{args.output_dir}/traces_{args.run_name}.jsonl", "a") as f:
+                json.dump(traces, f)
+                f.write("\n")
+        packed_sequences_Q.put(
+            {
+                "packed_sequences": packed_sequences,  # for debugging purposes
+                "collated_data": collated_data,
+                "metrics": metrics,
+                "responses_count": len(responses),
+                "num_new_tokens": num_new_tokens,
+                "B": B,
+            }
+        )
+
+
+def reward_fn(responses, items, reasoning_gym_dataset):
+    metrics = {}
+    formatted_responses = [extract_answer(response) for response in responses]
+    correctness_rewards = [
+        reasoning_gym_dataset.data.score_answer(formatted_response, entry)
+        for formatted_response, entry in zip(formatted_responses, items)
+    ]
+    format_rewards = soft_format_reward_func(responses)
+    rewards = correctness_rewards + format_rewards
+    metrics["correctness_rewards"] = correctness_rewards
+    metrics["format_rewards"] = format_rewards
+    metrics["rewards"] = rewards
+    return rewards, metrics
+
+
+def main(args: Args, model_config: ModelConfig, reward_fn: Callable):
+    calculate_runtime_args(args)
+
+    # Setup experiment tracking and seeds
+    all_configs = {}
+    beaker_config = None
+    if is_beaker_job():
+        beaker_config = maybe_get_beaker_config()
+        all_configs.update(vars(beaker_config))
+    all_configs.update(**asdict(args), **asdict(model_config))
+    if args.with_tracking:
+        import wandb
+
+        wandb.init(
+            project=args.wandb_project_name,
+            entity=args.wandb_entity,
+            sync_tensorboard=True,
+            config=all_configs,
+            name=args.run_name,
+            save_code=True,
+            tags=[args.exp_name] + get_wandb_tags(),
+        )
+
+    # Setup tokenizer and get datasets
+    tokenizer_revision = (
+        model_config.model_revision if model_config.tokenizer_revision is None else model_config.tokenizer_revision
+    )
+    tokenizer_name = (
+        model_config.tokenizer_name if model_config.tokenizer_name is not None else model_config.model_name_or_path
+    )
+    if tokenizer_revision != model_config.model_revision:
+        # Warn user if tokenizer and model use different revisions; this is an unusual
+        # use case.
+        warning = f"""Requested tokenizer revision `{tokenizer_revision}` is different
+                   from the model revision `{model_config.model_revision}`."""
+        print(warning)
+
+    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(tokenizer_name, revision=tokenizer_revision)
+    reasoning_gym_dataset = ReasoningGymDataset(
+        args.dataset_name, args.seed, args.size, tokenizer, "system", SYSTEM_PROMPTS["DeepSeekZero"]
+    )
+    eval_dataset = ReasoningGymDataset(
+        args.dataset_name, args.eval_seed, args.eval_size, tokenizer, "system", SYSTEM_PROMPTS["DeepSeekZero"]
+    )
+
+    bundles = [{"GPU": actor_num_gpus, "CPU": actor_num_gpus * 10} for actor_num_gpus in args.num_learners_per_node]
+    pg = placement_group(bundles, strategy="PACK")
+    ray.get(pg.ready())
+    inits = []
+    policy_group = ModelGroup(
+        pg,
+        PolicyTrainerRayProcess,
+        args.num_learners_per_node,
+        args.single_gpu_mode,
+    )
+
+    wandb_url = wandb.run.get_url() if args.with_tracking else None
+    inits.extend(
+        model.from_pretrained.remote(args, model_config, beaker_config, wandb_url, tokenizer)
+        for model in policy_group.models
+    )
+    max_len = args.max_prompt_token_length + args.response_length
+    vllm_engines = create_vllm_engines(
+        args.vllm_num_engines,
+        args.vllm_tensor_parallel_size,
+        args.vllm_enforce_eager,
+        model_config.model_name_or_path,
+        model_config.model_revision,
+        args.seed,
+        args.vllm_enable_prefix_caching,
+        max_len,
+        args.vllm_gpu_memory_utilization,
+        args.single_gpu_mode,
+        pg=pg if args.single_gpu_mode else None,
+    )
+    ray.get(inits)
+    print("======== ✅ all models and vLLM engines initialized =========")
+
+    ray.get([m.setup_model_update_group.remote(vllm_engines=vllm_engines) for m in policy_group.models])
+    print("======== ✅ model update group setup successfully =========")
+
+    # Setup training
+    generation_config = SamplingParams(
+        temperature=args.temperature,
+        top_p=1.0,
+        max_tokens=args.response_length,
+        include_stop_str_in_output=True,
+        n=args.num_samples_per_prompt_rollout,
+        stop=args.stop_strings,
+    )
+    eval_generation_config = SamplingParams(
+        temperature=0.0,
+        top_p=1.0,
+        max_tokens=args.response_length,
+        include_stop_str_in_output=True,
+        n=1,  # since we are doing greedy sampling, don't need to generate more
+        stop=args.stop_strings,
+    )
+
+    iter_dataloader = DataLoader(
+        reasoning_gym_dataset, batch_size=args.num_unique_prompts_rollout, collate_fn=list_preserving_collate
+    )
+    inference_results_Q = Queue(maxsize=1)
+    param_prompt_Q = Queue(maxsize=1)
+    evaluation_inference_results_Q = Queue(maxsize=1)
+    packed_sequences_Q = Queue(maxsize=1)
+    queries_prompt_Q = Queue(maxsize=1)
+    num_eval_samples = 50
+
+    eval_prompt_token_ids = None
+    eval_ground_truths = None
+    if eval_dataset is not None:
+        model_eval_input, eval_items = next(iter(eval_dataset))
+        eval_prompt_token_ids = model_eval_input
+    resume_training_step = 1
+    thread = threading.Thread(
+        target=vllm_generate_thread,
+        args=(
+            vllm_engines,
+            generation_config,
+            eval_generation_config,
+            inference_results_Q,
+            param_prompt_Q,
+            args.num_training_steps,
+            eval_prompt_token_ids,
+            evaluation_inference_results_Q,
+            args.eval_freq,
+            resume_training_step,
+        ),
+    )
+
+    thread.start()
+    print("======== ✅ vllm generate thread starts =========")
+
+    packing_thread = threading.Thread(
+        target=data_preparation_thread,
+        args=(
+            reward_fn,
+            inference_results_Q,
+            packed_sequences_Q,
+            queries_prompt_Q,
+            args,
+            tokenizer,
+            args.num_training_steps,
+            reasoning_gym_dataset,
+        ),
+    )
+
+    packing_thread.start()
+    print("======== ✅ data preparation thread starts =========")
+    model_inputs, items = next(iter(iter_dataloader))
+    queries_prompt_Q.put((model_inputs, items))
+    param_prompt_Q.put((None, model_inputs))
+
+    episode = 0
+    num_total_tokens = 0
+    start_time = time.time()
+    for training_step in range(resume_training_step, args.num_training_steps + 1):
+        episode += args.num_unique_prompts_rollout * args.num_samples_per_prompt_rollout
+
+        if training_step != 1:
+            model_inputs, items = next(iter(iter_dataloader))
+            with Timer("🔄 Loading weights using shared memory"):
+                ray.get([m.broadcast_to_vllm.remote() for m in policy_group.models])
+
+            queries_prompt_Q.put((model_inputs, items))
+            param_prompt_Q.put((None, model_inputs))
+
+        with Timer("[Main Thread] 📦 Getting packed sequences from thread"):
+            packed_data = packed_sequences_Q.get()
+            data_thread_metrics = packed_data["metrics"]
+            B = packed_data["B"]
+            collated_data = packed_data["collated_data"]
+            num_total_tokens += packed_data["num_new_tokens"]
+
+            if B == 0:
+                print("[Main Thread] 🤡 After packing, there is not enough data to train")
+                continue
+
+            # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+            # Train the model
+            with Timer("[Main Thread] 🗡️ Training"):
+                metrics_list: List[dict[str, float]] = ray.get(
+                    [
+                        policy_group.models[i].train.remote(
+                            **collated_data[i],
+                            pad_token_id=tokenizer.pad_token_id,
+                            num_mini_batches=args.num_mini_batches,
+                        )
+                        for i in range(args.world_size)
+                    ]
+                )
+                average_metrics = {k: sum(m[k] for m in metrics_list) / len(metrics_list) for k in metrics_list[0]}
+                metrics = {
+                    "episode": episode,
+                    "training_step": training_step,
+                    "val/num_total_tokens": num_total_tokens,
+                    "epoch": episode / len(reasoning_gym_dataset),
+                    "tokens_per_second": num_total_tokens / (time.time() - start_time),
+                    **data_thread_metrics,
+                    **average_metrics,
+                }
+
+                if args.save_freq > 0 and training_step % args.save_freq == 0:
+                    with Timer("[Main Thread] 🗡️ Saving model"):
+                        checkpoint_dir = f"{args.output_dir}_checkpoints"
+                        step_dir = os.path.join(checkpoint_dir, f"step_{training_step}")
+                        print(f"Saving model at step {training_step} to {step_dir}")
+                        ray.get([policy_group.models[i].save_model.remote(step_dir) for i in range(args.world_size)])
+
+    print(f"Saving final model at step {training_step} to {args.output_dir}")
+    with Timer("[Main Thread] 🗡️ Saving model"):
+        ray.get([policy_group.models[i].save_model.remote(args.output_dir) for i in range(args.world_size)])
+
+    thread.join()
+    print("======== ✅ vllm generate thread ends =========")
+    packing_thread.join()
+    print("======== ✅ data preparation thread ends =========")
+    ray.shutdown()
+
+    if (
+        args.try_auto_save_to_beaker
+        and is_beaker_job()
+        and len(beaker_config.beaker_dataset_id_urls) > 0
+        and args.output_dir.rstrip("/") != "/output"
+    ):
+        shutil.copytree(args.output_dir, "/output", dirs_exist_ok=True)
+    print("finished training")
+
+    accelerator = Namespace()
+    accelerator.is_main_process = True  # hack
+    if args.push_to_hub:
+        print("Pushing model to hub")
+        push_folder_to_hub(
+            accelerator,
+            args.output_dir,
+            args.hf_repo_id,
+            args.hf_repo_revision,
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = ArgumentParserPlus((GRPOArgs, ModelConfig))
+    args, model_config = parser.parse_args_into_dataclasses()
+    assert isinstance(args, GRPOArgs)
+    assert isinstance(model_config, ModelConfig)
+    main(args, model_config, reward_fn)
diff --git a/examples/open-instruct/src/utils.py b/examples/open-instruct/src/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad6708ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/open-instruct/src/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+from typing import List
+
+import torch
+from torch.utils.data import Dataset
+from transformers import PreTrainedTokenizer
+
+import reasoning_gym
+from reasoning_gym.utils import SYSTEM_PROMPTS
+
+
+def list_preserving_collate(batch):
+    """
+    Custom collate function that preserves lists instead of converting to tensors.
+    """
+    token_ids = [item[0] for item in batch]
+    items = [item[1] for item in batch]
+    return token_ids, items
+
+
+class ReasoningGymDataset(Dataset):
+    def __init__(self, dataset_name, seed, size, tokenizer, developer_role, developer_prompt):
+        self.data = reasoning_gym.create_dataset(dataset_name, seed=seed, size=size)
+        self.tokenizer = tokenizer
+        self.developer_role = developer_role
+        self.developer_prompt = developer_prompt
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return self.data.size
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        chat_message = [{"role": self.developer_role, "content": self.developer_prompt}]
+        item = self.data[index]
+        chat_message.append({"role": "user", "content": item["question"]})
+        prompt_text = self.tokenizer.apply_chat_template(chat_message, tokenize=True, add_generation_prompt=True)
+        prompt_text = [token for token in prompt_text if token != self.tokenizer.pad_token_id]
+        return prompt_text, item
+
+
+def pack_sequences(
+    queries: List[List[int]],
+    responses: List[List[int]],
+    pack_length: int,
+    pad_token_id: int,
+) -> "PackedSequences":
+    # assert padding token does not exist in queries and responses
+    query_responses = []
+    attention_masks = []
+    response_masks = []
+    num_actions = []
+    packed_seq_lens = []
+    cur_data = []
+    cur_response_mask = []
+    cur_num_actions = []
+    cur_packed_seq_lens = []
+    cur_attention_mask = []
+    offset = 0
+
+    for i in range(len(queries)):
+        query = queries[i]
+        response = responses[i]
+        # remove padding (but using vllm so this should not be needed, but just in case)
+        query = [t for t in query if t != pad_token_id]
+        response = [t for t in response if t != pad_token_id]
+        query_response = query + response
+
+        if len(query_response) + len(cur_data) > pack_length:
+            query_responses.append(cur_data)
+            response_masks.append(cur_response_mask)
+            attention_masks.append(cur_attention_mask)
+            num_actions.append(cur_num_actions)
+            packed_seq_lens.append(cur_packed_seq_lens)
+            cur_data = []
+            cur_response_mask = []
+            cur_attention_mask = []
+            cur_num_actions = []
+            cur_packed_seq_lens = []
+            offset = i
+
+        cur_data.extend(query_response)
+        cur_num_actions.append(len(response))
+        cur_packed_seq_lens.append(len(query_response))
+        cur_response_mask.extend([0 for _ in range(len(query))] + [i + 1 for _ in range(len(response))])
+        cur_attention_mask.extend([i + 1 - offset for _ in range(len(query_response))])
+
+    if len(cur_data) > 0:
+        query_responses.append(cur_data)
+        response_masks.append(cur_response_mask)
+        attention_masks.append(cur_attention_mask)
+        num_actions.append(cur_num_actions)
+        packed_seq_lens.append(cur_packed_seq_lens)
+
+    attention_masks_list = [torch.tensor(t) for t in attention_masks]
+
+    from open_instruct.rl_utils2 import PackedSequences, reset_position_ids
+
+    return PackedSequences(
+        query_responses=[torch.tensor(t) for t in query_responses],
+        attention_masks=attention_masks_list,
+        position_ids=[reset_position_ids(t.unsqueeze(0)).squeeze(0) for t in attention_masks_list],
+        response_masks=[torch.tensor(t) for t in response_masks],
+        original_responses=responses,
+        num_actions=[torch.tensor(t) for t in num_actions],
+        packed_seq_lens=[torch.tensor(t) for t in packed_seq_lens],
+    )